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Even
though the sculptures were made up of perishable materials, like paintings,
some of them in terra cotta, metal and alloy castings and stone carvings
have survived till date. Male bust carved of whitish limestone originally
inlayed with a red paste, and a dancer girl were found in Indus valley
civilisation. Bull with movable head could be a toy.
A damaged statue from Harappa carved in greyish limestone represents
a dancing male figure perhaps originally ithyphallic, four armed and
three headed is precursor to the later Hindu conception of the lord
of the dance the Shiva. Terra cotta figures of the mother goddess from
Pre Mauryan period are originated from Indus valley period and further
developed in the Indian technique in years to come. In Mauryan period
(322 to 185 BC) the capital state Pataliputra which is now in the state
of ruin, is described by Fahien a Chinese pilgrim
as “..the wall, door ways and the sculptured designs are not
human work..” Ruins of a Stupa at Piprawa in Nepal and Mauryan pillars
at Lauriya Nandangarh near Nepal in 243 BC are amongst a few survivors.
The sculptures in the Sunga period (185 to72 BC) consist in large part
of the decoration of the stone railings and gateways that now surround
the Buddhist stupa or relic mound. These are discovered at Sanchi in
Bhopal, Bharhut in Nagod and Jaggayyapeta near Amaravati.
In early Andhra period (72 to 25 BC) the sculptural decoration
of the four gateways of the stupa number one at Sanchi were extended.
Around 78 to 128 AD, under the Kushan emperors the Gandhar style was
developed near Peshawar, at later years since 241 AD in version of Shapur
I of Iran and White Huns came to and end but the style survived in Kashmir
and in Afghanistan. The style had an influence of Greek-Roman people.
Art under the Kushans further flourished near Mathura in Jain monuments.
The sculpture of Mathura can be credited to be the earliest entirely
Indian representation of the Buddha.One of the great masterpieces of
Gupta sculpture is the high relief statue of Buddha preaching the first
sermon at the ruins of Sarnath. The sculptures have some relations with
some sculptures found in Turkestan Nepal Tibet, Burma, Sumatra and Java.
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